Princeton on 14–15 May and at Sciences Po on 26–27 May, 2026
Argument
“Revolution continues Christianity, and it contradicts it. It is, at the same time, its heir and its adversary.” – Jules Michelet (1848)
In the years leading up to the bicentenary commemorations of 1989, a new liberal interpretation of the French Revolution challenged a long-lived socialist one. In contrast to the Marxist view of a “bourgeois revolution” with popular support (Jaurès, 1922-1924; Soboul, 1974; Mazauric, 1988), the liberal historiography has recurrently emphasized the role of “revolutionary ideology” and the “collective mentality” which led to the episode of the “Terror” (Furet, 2009). While Michel Vovelle attempted to fill the gaps by writing a social history of religious conflicts (Vovelle, 1988), we might take the end of Cold War binary frameworks as an opportunity to move beyond this long-lasting interpretive divide, and to reinvestigate how the Revolution transformed ideas of the sacred and has itself been sacralized.
Moreover, while modernity has long been equated with the fading of the sacred from our “horizons of expectation” (Koselleck, 1979) and with an increasingly disenchanted world (Gauchet, 1985), the worldwide resurgence of religion over recent decades has profoundly unsettled that narrative. This development calls for a new genealogy of modernity, to which this colloquium contributes by examining the role of the sacred both during the French Revolution and in its contemporary legacy, from a global, interdisciplinary, and contemporary perspective—especially as 2026 will mark the 250th anniversary of the U.S. Declaration of Independence.
In their contributions, participants are encouraged to emphasize:
Chronology
We seek contributions that adopt a diachronic perspective. Papers engaging with the role of the sacred in the making of the Revolution are welcome to explore the revolutionary period directly. Regarding the sacralization of the Revolution itself, we note that Alice Gérard’s landmark study (Gérard, 1970) closes in the late 1960s, and that while significant work has been done on the Revolution’s reception through the 1989 bicentenary (Kaplan, 1993; Garcia, 2000; Martigny, 2016), far less research has examined the period after 1989. We therefore particularly encourage proposals focusing on the post-1989 era.
Geography
We strongly encourage participants to engage with international and transatlantic dimensions, following recent historiography (Desan, Nelson, and Hunt, 2013; Ducange, 2014). We therefore invite comparative approaches reflecting on the connections and contrasts between the French, American (Higonnet, 1988; Dunn, 1996), and Caribbean (Gaspar & Geggus, 2003; Dubois, 2004; White, 2012) revolutions in relation to the concept of the sacred.
Interdisciplinary approaches
Finally, we welcome contributions that cross disciplinary boundaries, particularly between history, political theory, and literature. Revolutionary sacrality was not only theorized or practiced, but also represented, reimagined, and transmitted through cultural forms. As Roland Barthes remarked, revolutionary writing constituted the “entelechy of the revolutionary legend” (Barthes, 1953). Literature, theater, and the arts may thus be seen as laboratories in which the myths of the Revolution were forged, contested, and continually reconfigured.
Prospective participants will find below some further reflections and a bibliography to guide their proposals:
First, in considering the concept of sacrality, it might be useful to turn to the definition used by Emile Durkheim, who did not see the sacred as something grounded in a transcendent divinity, but rather as something defined through its opposition to the profane (Durkheim, 1912). It is therefore an inclusive concept: unlike Max Weber, who located religion in the realm of the supernatural (Weber, 1922), Durkheim’s notion of the sacred can apply to any object, practice, value, or event in the material world. Therefore, the relation between the French Revolution and the sacred might be approached from two different directions: first, by examining the role of the sacred within the Revolution itself; and second, by exploring the ways in which the Revolution was, in turn, sacralized in later periods.
- The Sacred and the Making of the French Revolution
The French Revolution is commonly remembered as a period of virulent anti-religious violence, epitomized by the so-called “dechristianization” campaign of the “Terror.” From this perspective, interpreting it as a moment of religious affirmation may seem counterintuitive. Yet, as David Bell reminds us, the dozen years which separated the fall of the Bastille from the rise of Bonaparte constituted “the most intense political laboratory the world had ever known” (Bell, 2016), making any unequivocal interpretation of the period exceedingly difficult. In fact, contemporaries often perceived the Revolution in religious terms: Edmund Burke, for instance, observed that its leaders, though hostile to the Church, nonetheless “learned to talk against monks with the spirit of a monk” (Burke, 1790). Tocqueville also later described the event as assuming the form of a “religious revolution” (Tocqueville, 1856). Building on this intuition, scholars have repeatedly reassessed the role of the sacred in the development of the Revolution, showing how it could serve as a source of inspiration but also how traditional religion stood as a rejected model, in opposition to which revolutionaries generated new sacred concepts.
In discussing the role of the sacred as inspiration, early revolutionary historiography often mobilized the philosophy of history, with Michelet presenting a heroic portrait of women (Michelet, 1876) and soldiers, both part of the mythicized figure of the people making the Revolution a “religion of justice” (Michelet, 1889). More recent studies have explored the dialectic between the secular and the sacred, demonstrating how religious ideas shaped revolutionary experience and political culture (Tackett, 1986; Desan, 1990; Aston, 2000; Byrnes, 2014). Dupré (2004) highlights that revolutionary beliefs drew from both Enlightenment secularism and a “spiritual counterculture,” including Quietism or Lutheran Pietism. Other studies have stressed the religious roots of revolutionary ideals in the ancien régime (Kors, 1990; Van Kley, 1996), particularly Jansenism (Maire, 1998; Coleman, 2014) and Protestantism (Banks, 2016).
Previous scholarship has also demonstrated that many of the Revolution’s innovations carried a sacred dimension, following Albert Mathiez’s pioneering work on the origins of revolutionary cults (Mathiez, 1904). David Bell thus shows that the idea of the nation developed during the revolutionary period was inherently mystical, with the patrie appearing as a “second divinity” (Bell, 2011). That relationship appears particularly strongly in what Ozouf calls a “transfer of sacrality” from traditional religion to the Revolution, particularly as evidenced in festivals and other elements of political culture (Ozouf, 1976). The aim of such a transfer—which we can likewise trace through developments and innovations including the Cult of Reason, the revolutionary calendar, or the Festival of the Federation—was to stabilize the new order by endowing it with a particular, even supernatural, legitimacy (see also Hunt, 1984). In this vein, Flora Champy shows how Rousseau mobilized Antiquity as a sacred model that decisively shaped the Revolution and its later interpretations (Champy, 2022). Further historical examples include the Cult of the Supreme Being established in 1794, the quasi-religious veneration of Marat after his assassination—including the renaming of Montmartre as “Mont Marat”—or Condorcet’s scathing portrayal of Robespierre as a priest (Bell, 2020).
- The Sacralization of the French Revolution
Going beyond the temporal framework of the Revolution itself also allows us to study the processes through which the Revolution became a myth with sacred undertones (Cobban, 1957). While this mythification was initially the work of the Revolution itself—the revolutionaries having enthusiastically embraced Fabre d’Églantine’s directive that “one must seize men’s imagination and govern it” (cited in Rosanvallon, 2004)—the myth continued to inspire successive generations of republicans through its association with ideals such as liberty, equality before the law, fraternity, citizenship, human rights, popular sovereignty or the general interest (Hazareesingh, 2011). Consequently, the language of republicans in 1848, 1870–1871, during 1914–1918, and in the Resistance drew directly on the patriotic tradition of the Revolution (Nabulsi, 1999; Hayat, 2014). Beyond the ideas this tradition represented, it contained an entire republican imagery that continued to be transmitted long after the Revolution (Agulhon, 1971–2001; Duprat and Delaporte, 2003).
However, recent developments suggest that the myth of the French Revolution may be undergoing significant reconfiguration, thus raising the question of its (de)sacralization. The historiographical battles that once animated it have largely subsided, and the Revolution today seems increasingly mainstreamed, absorbed into popular culture and folklore in ways that risk diluting its political potency (Poirson, 2014). Yet this claim can be challenged by the emergence of new, grassroots appropriations of the revolutionary legacy, as illustrated by the gilets jaunes movement (Hayat, 2024). More striking still is the rise of a “black legend” of the Revolution (Croustille & Ehrard, 1988), which classically crystallizes around figures and concepts long treated as repellent in French political debate—Robespierre (Ehrard, 1996; Jourdan, 1996), the “Terror” (Martin, 2012, 2017), or Jacobinism (Roubaud-Quashie & Simien, 2025)—which awaken the specter of division and civil conflict. More recently, critiques of Enlightenment philosophy (Lilti, 2019; Roza, 2020) have further unsettled the Revolution’s legacy, particularly with regard to contemporary concerns such as gender, class, and race.
Hence, by engaging with all these questions, this symposium aims to re-examine the foundational ties between Revolution and the sacred, while simultaneously participating in the ongoing historiographical reconfiguration of modernity.
Instructions for Submissions
Submissions (title, abstract of 350 words, short bio) should be uploaded to the application form by February 8, 2026. Please email revolutionsacred2026@protonmail.com with any questions.
We invite graduate students as well as established scholars to contribute to this reflection by submitting 20-minute papers addressing this theme. The colloquium will be held in two parts: at Princeton on 14–15 May and at Sciences Po on 26–27 May, 2026. Presentations may be delivered in English or French, at either institution. Participants are encouraged to attend both sessions if possible, though a hybrid option will also be available.
Scientific Committee
David Bell (Princeton University), Flora Champy (Princeton University), Samuel Hayat (CNRS/Sciences Po), Vincent Martigny (Université de Nice/Sciences Po), Stéphanie Roza (CNRS – Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne)
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